Drugs for chronic pain - what to give beyond NSAIDs?

This session will discuss choices for pain medications in companion animals. The first choice is often an NSAID. However, when these agents fail, or risks occur, other agents can be considered. There is adequate efficacy information for some, but not all, of these agents.

• If one NSAID isn't working, consider another
• High placebo effects make it difficult to evaluate pain medications
• Beyond NSAIDs, there are very few well-controlled studies to demonstrate efficacy for other agents.